The Reveal of Society in Lord of the Flies by William...

The Reveal of Society in Lord of the Flies by William Golding What is Golding telling us about society in Lord of the Flies? William Golding is trying to show savagery through the children in this novel. He is telling us that anybody could have a savage side to themselves and it is how you control the savagery in yourself. In the first few chapters, the first point made is that there is a sense of normality and civility in the beginning that is occurring. Firstly the boys make one of the first rules which is to call assemblies with the conch and whoever is holding the conch can speak without interruption, ‘We can use this to call the others. Have a meeting. They’ll come when they hear us’.†¦show more content†¦This shows that they are not sticking to their rules and keep breaking them. Towards the end of chapter five, Ralph has had enough and he can’t take much more of what is going on. He says, ‘If only they could get a message to us, if only they could send us something grown–up†¦ a sign or something’. Earlier on in this chapter, the boys start to think there is some kind of beast that is haunting them and they are frightened of it, especially the little ones. This shows that the civility is slowly fading away and savagery is taking its place. In the sixth chapter, Ralphs prayers of having someone grown–up is answered but the grown–up is dead and is parachuted down to the island. The boys think it is the beast. Samneric see the parachutist and say, ‘We saw the beast’, but the boys soon realise the, ‘ beast’ was a parachutist and starts to think it is something else. In the seventh chapter, there is more savagery than civility as the boys try to imitate them killing a pig using Robert as the pig and stabbing him with spears until they hurt him. The tension between Jack and Ralph is growing, ‘Ralph heard the mockery and hated Jack’. This shows the hatred is growing and they are not working well as a group. The fear of the beast in the boys and a lack of society is stopping them working together as a group. In the eighth chapter, Jack’s tribeShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies : Representation Of Violence And War1611 Words   |  7 PagesLord Of The Flies: Representation Of Violence and War Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian, states that â€Å" The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.† In William Golding’s Lord Of The Flies, societal topics run rampant throughout the text with Golding’s use of individuals to represent different aspects of society. Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. InRead MoreGood Versus Evil in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that we were civilized, intelligent, and logical life forms for these very reasons. In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding there is a prominent theme of good versus evil which reveals that maybe humans are not the civilized human beings that they were said to be. William Golding carefully netted this theme with his utilization of literary device such as his symbolism. Golding uses this simple story of E nglish boys stranded on an inhabited island to illustrate how destructive humansRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1200 Words   |  5 Pagestheir own in an area without rules. The human race will fall apart without a set of rules that apply to them. When left on its own, and given an opportunity, human nature will revert back to the inherent savagery that lies within. In the book Lord of the Flies a British plane crashes on a deserted island in the middle of nowhere. The only survivors are a group of boys, and without any adults, the kids are left to fend and govern for themselves. Throughout the rest of the book, groups start to formRead MoreWilliam Goldings View of Humanity1383 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Goldings View of Humanity Taking a post at the Maidstone Grammar School for boys and joining the Royal Navy, gave Golding his understanding of boys and cynical view of the war. William Golding says, the theme (of the book) is an attempt to trace back the defects of society to the defects of human nature... Goldings view of humanity is clearly displayed throughout Lord of the Flies. Through the constant symbolism we are made aware of Goldings pessimism towardsRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1456 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that a correct government can make a strong society. However, these philosophers do not agree on what form of government is the most â€Å"correct†. English philosopher John Locke believed that Man is inherently moral and that the purpose for government is to grant the fundamental rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness to its people. Another philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, however, held the belief that mankind is naturally evil and that society needs an absolute central authority to containRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as they have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreMichelle Duan Mrs. MJ English 10 H, per. 3 13 February 2014 A Symbol’s Worth a Thousand1500 Words   |  6 Pagesbeneath. Such is the nature of the symbols found in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. As a group of boys stranded on an island struggle to survive without adult supervision to maintain order, Golding uses a variety of objects to convey their descent from civilization into brutality, violence, and savagery. Of these objects, three hold particular significance. In Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the conch, the signal fire, and the Lord of the Flies to symbolize civilization, hope for rescue, and innerRead MoreWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies: A Review1479 Words   |  6 PagesLord of the flies is anything but an easy book to digest. It comes upon the reader like a heavy meal on a suffocating summers day. The main idea is fairly simple actually: a group of children stranded on an isolated island are trying to reenact the norms of the society they used to live in before their arrival on the island. Gradually, thing s descend more violently with the children looking to kill the beast that lives in the heart of the jungle. What they are unable to realize though is that theRead MoreThe Cost Of Free Will1428 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions and to purposefully chose between right and wrong. Character is defined by the actions of humanity including their ability to choose, and take accountability for such choices. Within Harper Lee s To Kill a Mockingbird and William Golding s Lord of the Flies, the authors explore the essence of free will and its ramification amongst both good and bad characters. Humanity is ultimately born with sin, but is not bound by it. Free will elevates humans beyond their primitive state. In To KillRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1044 Words   |  5 PagesSimilar to most literary classics, William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies contains allusions to the Christian Bible and character archetypes that convey universal ideas. Golding’s story focuses on a group of British schoolboys who are stranded on an island and ultimately succumb to their innate savage tendencies. Literary analysts often compare components of Lord of the Flies to various aspects in the Christian Bible. For instance, the setting in Lord of the Flies is often linked to the Garden of

Essay On Mahatma Gandhi - 1859 Words

Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in the small western Indian state of Porbandar under the name Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Ghandi s Life) . When Gandhi was finished with high school, he entered a small Indian college, the Samaldas College at the University of Bombay (Mahatma). After beginning his education here, however, he decided he disliked and traveled to the University College London, leaving his wife and infant son (Ghandi s Life). It was while attending school in London that he initially became exposed to the diversity of the world; he pursued the study of religions such as Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddhism (Mahatma). After being admitted to the English Bar, Gandhi returned to India. He, however, had a difficult time†¦show more content†¦By 1921, he was the leader of the Indian National Congress and was responsible for reorganizing the party’s constitution around the concept of â€Å"Swaraj,† political independence from the British (Mahatma). He als o led a boycott of all British goods and institutions (Mahatma). On March 10th, 1922 Gandhi was arrested and served 2 years of a 6 year prison sentence for sedition (Mahatma). While Gandhi was serving his time in jail, the Indian National Congress lost its publicity and momentum (Mahatma). In fact it did not return to the public eye until 1928 when it campaigned for Britain to grant India â€Å"dominion status,† which gave a state the ability to self-govern its people, while still remaining under control of the British monarchy (Alcock). In 1930, Britain introduced a tax on salt and Gandhi responded by leading a 250 mile march to the sea in order to collect his own salt (Mahatma). Because of Gandhi’s social prominence, the government reluctantly negotiated issues with Gandhi, which led to alleviating poverty, empowering women, and eventually giving India political independence from Britain (Mahatma). Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889, son of an Austrian customs official and a young peasant-worker (Wistrich). In October 1097, Hitler left home for Vienna, with dreams of becoming a painter (Wistrich). His plans changed when he was rejected admission from the Vienna Academy of Art and the School ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mahatma Gandhi1642 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY ON MAHATMA GANDHI Mahatma Gandhi was born in the Porbandar city of Gujarat in october 2nd, 1869. His father name is Karamchand Gandhi, the diwan of Porbandar, and his wife, Putlibai. Since his mother was a Hindu of the Pranami Vaishnava order, Gandhi learned the tenets of non-injury to living beings, vegetarianism, fasting, mutual tolerance, etc, at a very tender age. Mohandas was married at the age of 13 to Kasturba Makhanji and had four sons. He passed the matriculation exam at SamaldasRead MoreMahatma Gandhi Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesMahatma Gandhi Mohandas Gandhi, known as Mahatma Gandhi. Also known as Mahatma the great soul, was the father of modern India. He originally came from Western India, a city called Porbandar. He was born on 2nd October 1869. Gandhi was on of the youngest of the three sons of Karamchand Gandhi, who was a Prime Minister successively in Porbandar, Rajkot and Vankaner States. Gandhis mother was Putlibai, Karamchand Gandhis fourth wife. In 1876 he attended a primaryRead MoreMahatma Gandhi Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesbe valid. But there is a tendency in Eastern philosophy to see truth as something illusive, as something that can only be approximated by a lifetime of philosophical experimentation. The man known as Mohandas Gandhi was this spirit of truth incarnate. But care must be taken not to deify Gandhi, his life was a ceaseless struggle towards deeper understanding, and his many accomplishments belie his humble origins. To see the man beneath the legend we must return to his humble origin and trace the ascensionRead MoreEssay on Mahatma Gandhi1383 Words   |  6 PagesGandhi perceives imperialism as a creation of Industrial development, which perpetuates greed, and the desire to increase profit at the expense of the body and society. Gandhi states. â€Å"Those who are intoxicated by modern civilization are not likely to write against it. Their care will be to find out facts and arguments in support of it , and this they do unconsciously† (Gandhi, chp 6). Gandhi’s presumes that civilization, like an incurable disease, and new-civilized creations are a limitation to theRead MoreEssay On Mahatma Gandhi902 Words   |  4 Pagesonce said, †The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.† This man is Mahatma Gandhi. How does this apply to discovering yourself? Well, let me tell you a little bit about his life and my own experiences. Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India; it was part of the British Empire. His native language was Gujarah. His parents were Karamchand Gandhi, a chief minister, and Putlibai, who was deeply religious, the fourth wife and nursed the family. HeRead MoreEssay on The Life of Mahatma Gandhi695 Words   |  3 PagesAs a child, Mahatma Gandhi (October 2nd, 1869 – January 30th, 1948) he was a shy, quiet boy and considered an average student. He did not show any exceptional qualities, but that made the world that much more intrigued when he became the one of the world’s most respected religious figures. Like the rest of us, Gandhi wasn’t perfect. He experimented with smoking, stealing and eating foods such as meat that were frowned upon in his religious upbringing. By the age of 13, he married his wife KasturbaRead MoreSynthesis Essay - Mahatma Gandhi1769 Words   |  8 Pages Synthesis Essay – Mohandas Gandhi Master Sergeant Jeannette Cook Air Force Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Academy 10 September 2015 Master Sergeant Zita Madau Mohandas Gandhi How did Mohandas Gandhi, considered by many to be the father of the modern passive resistance movement, lead a 55-year long campaign against violence result in over a million deaths? In the case of Gandhi, it was because he was neither a visionary nor ethical leader. This essay will show how Gandhi’s lackRead MoreMahatma Gandhi, Athenian Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesan evil side. In â€Å"My Graduation Speech† by Neil postman, Mahatma Gandhi shows some characteristics of an Athenian. Athenians took interest in public affairs and the improvement of public behaviour and so did Gandhi. He also inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Mahatma Gandhi believed that the wrong acts done by people are acts of violence against the social order and Athenians believed in that also. Mahatma Gandhi was a good public figure, placed a great value on traditionRead MoreMahatma Gandhi and The Salt March Essays1427 Words   |  6 PagesIn an effort to help free India from the British rule, Mahatma Gandhi once again contributed to a protest against salt taxes, known as the Salt March. This protest advocated Gandhi’s theory of satyagraha or nonviolent disobedience as the nation came together on March 12, 1930 to walk the 241 miles long journey to the shores of Dandi to attain salt. Although some Indians criticized Gandhi for not achieving direct independence from the Raj or British rule, Gandhi’s execution of the Salt March helpedRead More Mahatma Gandhi vs. Mao Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesGandhi vs. Mao Mao and Gandhi became key leaders in each of their countries, India and China. Although they both wanted very similar things to happen to their countries, they used very different tactics. The main points in their rules where economical, political and social. And all points affected their people in many ways. First, to make each of their countries stronger economically Ghandi and Mao changed laws and broke rules. During the British rule in India there was a salt tax, which made

Frees Writing Style of A Farewell to Arms Essay Example For Students

Frees Writing Style of A Farewell to Arms Essay Farewell Arms EssaysThe Writing Style of A Farewell to Arms Hemingway became a newspaper writer in Kansas City as a young man and, in 1918, he joined the Red Cross to become an ambulance driver just like the character, Frederick Henry. This partially autobiographical novel is a combination of Hemingways personal experiences in war and writing. Hemingways life gave him the refinement that he needed for the inspirational language of the novel. He inspires us with his journalistic directness, sensory detail and his different writing styles that reflect the moods of the characters. Critics usually describe Hemingways style as simple, spare, and journalistic. These are all good words; they all apply. Perhaps because of his training as a newspaperman, Hemingway is a master of the declarative, subject-verb-object sentence. His writing has been likened to a boxers punchescombinations of lefts and rights coming at us without pause. Take the following passage: We were all cooked. The thing wa s not to recognize it. The last country to realize they were cooked would win the war. We had another drink. Was I on somebodys staff? No. He was. It was all balls (Hemingway PAGE #). The style gains power because it is so full of sensory detail. There was an inn in the trees at the Bains de lAllaiz where the woodcutters stopped to drink, and we sat inside warmed by the stove and drank hot red wine with spices and lemon in it. They called it gluhwein and it was a good thing to warm you and to celebrate with. The inn was dark and smoky inside and afterward when you went out the cold air came sharply into your lungs and numbed the edge of your nose as you inhaled (Hemingway PAGE #). The simplicity and the sensory richness flow directly from Hemingways and his charactersbeliefs. The punchy, vivid language has the immediacy of a news bulletin: these are facts, Hemingway is telling us, and they cant be ignored. And just as Frederic Henry comes to distrust abstractions like patriotism, s o does Hemingway distrust them. Instead he seeks the concrete, the tangible: hot red wine with spices, cold air that numbs your nose. A simple good becomes higher praise than another writers string of decorative adjectives. Though Hemingway is best known for the tough simplicity of style as seen in the first passage cited above, if we take a close look at A Farewell to Arms, we will often find another Hemingway at work. A writer who is aiming for certain complex effects, who is experimenting with language, and who is often self-consciously manipulating words. Some sentences are clause-filled and eighty or more words long. Take for example the description in Chapter 1 that begins, There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain; it paints an entire dreary wartime autumn and foreshadows the deaths not only of many of the soldiers but of Catherine. Hemingways style changes, too, when it reflects his characters changing states of mind. Writing from Frederic Henrys point of vi ew, he sometimes uses a modified stream-of-consciousness technique, a method for spilling out on paper the inner thoughts of a character. Usually Henrys thoughts are choppy, staccato, but when he becomes drunk the language does too, as in the passage in Chapter 3: I had gone to no such place but to the smoke of cafes and nights when the room whirled and you needed to look at the wall to make it stop, nights in bed, drunk, when you knew that that was all there was, and the strange excitement of waking and not knowing who it was with you, and the world all unreal in the dark and so exciting that you must resume again unknowing and not caring in the night, sure that this was all and all and all and not caring (HEMINGWAY 13). The rhythm and the repetition have us reeling with Henry. Thus, Hemingways prose is in fact an instrument finely tuned to reflect his characters and their world. As we read A Farewell to Arms, we must try to understand the thoughts and feelings Hemingway seeks .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f , .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .postImageUrl , .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f , .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f:hover , .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f:visited , .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f:active { border:0!important; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f:active , .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5cb1ad2e4882bd106c21f9a86e50b5f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Claudius Hamlet (2681 words) Essay

Marks Spencer Essay Essay Example

Marks Spencer Essay Essay This assignment will examine how Marks Spencers strategies have changed in the past 10 years, from 1998 to 2008. These strategies include management strategy, corporate social responsibility, advertising strategy, competitive strategy, and green strategy. However, the most important strategy must be the recovery plan of these ten years. Marks Spencer is the largest clothing retailer in the UK. It is also an international retailer which operates around 760 stores in more than 20 countries around the world. The company provided quality products with affordable prices and they offer a board range of products, such as womenswear, menswear, childrenswear, babywear, and homewares. [Mintel, Retail Review March, 2008] In 1998, the company was hit by falling sales and loss of market share. They suffered 23% decrease in profits, and by 2001 Marks and Spencer was no longer even in the Financial Times list of the top 500 global companies. It was even in danger of being taken over by another company. The reasons of decreasing sales include the failure of the changing needs of its core consumers, boring design and styling and fashionable competitors, such as Gap and Zara. Since then, the company used different strategies to recover the company lost. By the end of 2002, the market share of the clothing market raised up sharply to 14.8%. Marks and Spencer were able to bring back the customers temperately. However, they experienced another rapid drop in market share again in the 2 following years, which was between 2003 and 2004. Fortunately, the company picked up the market share in 2006 with strong performances from menswear, womenswear and childrenwear. The Christmas sales even rose up by 9.2% in 2007, which was officially recovered. Therefore, the question about how the company went down, how it recovered and the presence strategy will be discovered. We will write a custom essay sample on Marks Spencer Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marks Spencer Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marks Spencer Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer [Marks Spencer annual report, mintel 2002] First of all, management strategy is involved during these ten years. Marks Spencer has been changed their director board many times since1998. For example, Luc Vandevelde recruited as a chairman in 2000 and now, Stuart Rose is the current executive chairman since 2008. The organisational structure has been changed to be flatter over these ten years They company has been cut down some layers of management since 1998. This would enable their employees at the remaining levels to be more responsible and have more accountability than before. Quicker decision could be made by this strategy which means that the employee has to be ready to give good reason for the decisions that they make. In 2001, Marks Spencer made attention on implementing the changes about adding highly talented retail specialists to the company. Started from 2000, the company have put in place a strong leadership team, which has developed a very good progress in its implementation. They were trying to improve the value of the core market. [Marks Spencer annual report, mintel 2002] From 2003 to 2007, the number of Marks Spencer stores in the UK and Republic of Ireland has increased from 335 to 472, which is a strategy of market penetration, as Marks Spencer marketed the same products to its exciting consumers that are in the UK and Republic of Ireland for increase sales. In addition, launching loyalty card is another activity of market penetration. (Ridder, K.,2003 , Mintel, 2007) Many of Marks and Spencers strategies can be defined by using Ansoffs matrix, which is one of the most useful planning aid. This helps identifying alternative strategies based on products and markets. There are four main growth strategies of possible combinations for products and markets. They are market perpetration, market development, product development and diversification. [Ansoffs Matrix, 2008] Product development is the process that involved the development of new products for current customers. For instance, the David Beckham range of childrenswear, DB07 was launched in 2004. A brand is an empty vessel you imbue with value.(Wally Olins, 1988) This quote relates to Marks and Spencer, because of it was an opportunity of adding value, quality and leadership by having David Beckham to be one of their ranges, DB07. This helped the company to attract new customers in the new market, which is another example of Diversification. Market Development means the process of developing new markets for existing products. Targeting new segments or expanding new geographical markets can achieve the company growth. However, Marks Spencer did not enter any new geographical markets, since the sale of Brooks Brothers in 2000 and King Super Markets in 2006 for their recovery plan. The company tried to focus on Europe, because the company mainly owned stores in the UK, Republic of Ireland and franchises in Continental Europe. The numbers of stores in the Continental European countries are even expanded from 82 to 131 in total between July 2004 and July 2007. Online shopping is one another activity of market development. Marks Spencer started launching online retailing in 1999. By the end of the year 2000, they had expanded 3,000 products on their website. Then, they kept developing their online shopping through partnerships with different companies, such as MSN in 2000 and Amazon in 2005. (mintel, fashion online 2006) Diversification is the most risky strategies in the Ansoff matrix, as it means the company markets new products to new customers, which may not be relevant. For instance, Marks Spencer had a great idea of hiring a famous football player, David Beckhamd and granting him his own clothing range. Their marketing focus is on their clothing range which is probably the right idea due to competitors such as Sainsburys were introducing their own clothing range. The company had incorporated their own style and image which their competitors could not comprehend to. Therefore, it was a big step in the right direction for the company. [Marks Spencer annual report 1999] The recovery plan on 2000/01 was focusing on UK retail business, cutting down cost and businesses and improving capital structure. The strategy of focusing on the UK retail business which included expanding the growing businesses, such as food, home and beauty, but also concentrating on clothing business, accelerate of store renewal programme for more intensive use of space, and getting closer to the consumer, in terms of better marketing communication. The cutting down unprofitable strategy were involved selling the business in Hong Kong to become a franchise, closing down some unprofitable overseas business and the unprofitable clothes catalogue and reducing cost of goods that by using foreign supplier in Asia, which enabled to reduce sales price and to raise profit. After the recovered of the company, the company was planning to drive their core business, such as product, service, environment and brand stretch. Also, they wanted to develop their international business. On the stra tegy of improving capital structure, the company tried to reduce the investment in inventories by 10%, which helped for a reduction of  £90million. Competitions with other retailers, such as Gap and Zara, Marks Spencer has been changed from managing their business as a whole, rather than alone product lines, to Marks Spencer started focusing on the UK market and its core clothing business in 2001. The same year, George David, who is the founder of Next appointed to create a new womens fashion collection for Marks Spencer in February, which called Per Una. This product lines reflected the original Marks Spencers values of quality, value and innovation as well as the modern requirements for fashion. In 2004, the company suggested to change it direction of its clothing. They wanted to attract younger customers and the company bought Per Una from George Davies for  £125m in September. [Marks Spencer annual report, 2001and 2004] Marks Spencer have changed a lot in their childrenswear department in 2002. They have been using high technology of health and safety testing on their ranges of childrenswear, which gave a better quality to their products. As mintel report suggested that the biggest threat to the retail scene at that moment (2002) was Marks and Spencer. Marks and Spencer was very interesting, as they have suffered for period but they were more of a threat if they get their act together and get things right in childrens clothing they could make a huge difference much bigger than any foreign retailers entering the marketplace. [Mintel report, 2002] In addition, since Marks and Spencer believed that children-wear should involved more personalities and style, in February of 2002, they decided to sign David Beckham to help with their boy-wear range. In September of 2002, Marks and Spencer introduced their new cloth-wear DB07 which gave a boost to with stronger ranges by expanding and introducing a fast fashion element to its Limited Collection range in 2006/07. [mintel, Retail Review UK March 2008] Since the dramatic sales drop, Marks Spencer started spending a huge amount of money on their advertising strategy. In 1999, they spent around  £2 million on the advertising campaign which included television commercial. In 2001, the companys Christmas advertising was launched on the national television. Some of the celebrities were featured saying what Christmas means to them and some of the Christmas gift, products were featured either. In 2004, text marketing was firstly used by Marks and Spencer, which means sending the company brand name to target customers. Also, David Beckham was featured for the collaborated collection, DB07 at the same year, which showed a family men image for the brand and suits the image of Marks Spencer In 2005, an advertising campaign Not just Food was launched in April and the advertising campaign for clothing which Twiggy featured in was also launched in October. In 2006, they launched of Get This Party Started Christmas campaign featuring Shirley Bassey. Marks Spencer has been using different celebrities, media, images and idea to advertise their brands and products. [Barrett, S., 8 Dec 1999] Nowadays, Marks Spencer is more concerned about green and ethical issues than it used to. They were trying to become the most environmentally friendly retailer in the world. In 2006, Marks Spencer has launched a new ethical image, called Look behind the label campaign. The company has been started selling 100% fair-trade cotton since then. In the early 2007, the company planned to spend  £200 million on green strategy in the following 5 years, which included climate change, waste, sustainable raw material. The name of the plan, called Plan A, with a tag line Because there is no Plan B. The implementation of paying 5p for standard sized vest carrier bag when purchasing is one of the commitments of Plan A in 2008. [Marks Spencer.,,Annual report, 2006,2007 and 2008] In conclusion, Marks Spencer has been experienced a period of decreasing sales and had acknowledged numerous issues for their recovery strategy, which mainly on their clothing range with pricing quality, fit, segmentation, product appeal and availability. Then, the company was aiming to offer something for everyone with better price, better quality of products and deliver quicker. For example, the Zip, Blue Harbour and Classics range of clothing, they have a big range of clothing lines to offer new and current customers. Marks Spencer is doing well at the moment and officially has been recovered already. The sales of these two years have been increased. However, the market and consumer behaviour is always changing rapidly. The company should not be too proud of their sales profits. It is recommended for Marks Spencer continues to concentrate on their marketing communication to build up a long term relationship with their customers and to regain more competitive advantages such as online or telephone delivery for food in the future. Moreover, hopefully more creative designs with a cultural based can be seen in Marks Spencer soon which to match their demanding consumers. Finally, the green strategy would help Marks Spencer into another stage by not just offering us better products, but also improving a better world.

Why Math Is Difficult - Math and Brain Types

Why Math Is Difficult - Math and Brain Types In 2005, Gallup conducted a poll that asked students to name the school subject that they considered to be the most difficult. Not surprisingly, mathematics came out on top of the difficulty chart. So what is it about math that makes it difficult? Have you ever wondered? Dictionary.com defines the word difficult as: â€Å"...not easily or readily done; requiring much labor, skill, or planning to be performed successfully.† This definition gets to the crux of the problem when it comes to math, specifically the statement that a difficult task is one that is not â€Å"readily† done. The thing that makes math difficult for many students is that it takes patience and persistence. For many students, math is not something that comes intuitively or automatically - it takes plenty of  effort. It is a subject that sometimes requires students to devote lots and lots of time and energy. This means, for many, the problem has little to do with brainpower; it is mostly a matter of staying power. And since students dont make their own timelines when it comes to getting it, they can run out of time as the teacher moves on to the next topic. Math and Brain Types But there is also an element of brain-style in the big picture, according to many scientists. There will always be opposing views on any topic, and the process of human learning is subject to ongoing debate, just like any other topic. But many theorists believe that  people are wired with different math comprehension skills. According to some brain science scholars, logical, left-brain thinkers tend to understand things in  sequential bits, while  artistic, intuitive, right-brainers  are more global. They take in  a lot of information at one time and let it sink in.  So left-brain dominant students may grasp concepts quickly while right-brain dominant students don’t. To the right brain dominant student, that time-lapse can make them feel confused and behind. Math as a Cumulative Discipline Math know-how is cumulative, which means it works much like a stack of building blocks. You have to gain understanding in one area before you can effectively go on to â€Å"build upon† another area. Our first mathematical building blocks are established in primary school when we learn rules for addition and multiplication, and those first concepts comprise our foundation. The next building blocks come in middle school when students first learn about formulas and operations. This information has to sink in and become â€Å"firm† before students can move on to enlarge this framework of knowledge. The big problem starts to appear sometime between middle school and high school because students very often move on to a new grade or new subject before they’re really ready. Students who earn a â€Å"C† in middle school have absorbed and understood about half of what they should, but they move on anyway. They move on or are moved on, because They think a C is good enough.Parents don’t realize that moving on without a full understanding poses a big problem for high school and college.Teachers don’t have time and energy enough to ensure that every single student understands every single concept. So students move to the next level with a really shaky foundation. The outcome of any shaky foundation is that there will be a serious limitation when it comes to building and real potential for complete failure at some point. The lesson here? Any student who receives a C in a math class should review heavily to make sure to pick up concepts theyll need later. In fact, it  is smart to hire a tutor to help you review any time you find that youve struggled in a math class! Making Math Less Difficult We have established a few things when it comes to math and difficulty: Math seems difficult because it takes time and energy.Many people dont experience sufficient time to get math lessons, and they fall behind as the teacher moves on.Many move on to study more complex concepts with a shaky foundation.We often end up with a weak structure that is doomed to collapse at some point. Although this may sound like bad news, it is really good news. The fix is pretty easy if we’re patient enough! No matter where you are in your math studies, you can excel if you backtrack far enough to reinforce your foundation. You must fill in the holes with a deep understanding of the basic concepts you encountered in middle school math. If you’re in middle school right now, do not attempt to move on until you understand pre-algebra concepts fully. Get a tutor if necessary.If you’re in high school and struggling with math, download a middle school math syllabus or hire a tutor. Make sure you understand every single concept and activity that is covered in middle grades.If you’re in college, backtrack all the way to basic math and work forward. This won’t take as long as it sounds. You can work forward through years of math in a week or two. No matter where you start and where you struggle, you must make sure you acknowledge any weak spots in your foundation and fill the holes with practice and understanding!

Free Essays on Marijuana Debate

Pg. 1 Should it be Legalized Should marijuana be legalized it is a simple question with complex answers. There are many questions regarding marijuana ranging from should it be legalized, to whether it is a harmful drug. This topic is important to the people of America because we, as taxpayers spend millions of dollars each year on drug control. This is a major issue arising not only in America, but also in our neighboring country of Canada. Should marijuana be legalized? If it is legalized what would it mean to America’s war on drugs? What might the moralists’ argument against drugs become? Legalizing marijuana would make people change their perspective on the issue as well as the people who use it, due to it no longer being a crime. This issue is significant because it will affect our country as a whole. It will affect our taxes, laws, as well as the political parties and elections that will run our country. Legalization of marijuana also touches on the rights of citizens, as well on modern medicine. Marijuana is the drug that has a big question mark that goes along with it. What should our country do while faced with the issue of legalization of marijuana? Before making a decision on whether or not marijuana should be legalized, the history as well as the origin should be known. Marijuana is obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the ubiquitous hemp plant Cannabis Sativa. Marijuana can be grown just about anywhere. It is a easily harvested plant, which makes it a favorite of drug farmers. Marijuana comes in different strengths (â€Å"Marijuana† Encyclopedia International Vol. 11) from mild marijuana to potent Pg. 2 hashish. Even though some of these forms of marijuana are very potent, it has not been proven to be addictive. Marijuana was something foreign to Americans until the late 19th early 20th century when immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean introduced the drug. It was often used during days of long w... Free Essays on Marijuana Debate Free Essays on Marijuana Debate Pg. 1 Should it be Legalized Should marijuana be legalized it is a simple question with complex answers. There are many questions regarding marijuana ranging from should it be legalized, to whether it is a harmful drug. This topic is important to the people of America because we, as taxpayers spend millions of dollars each year on drug control. This is a major issue arising not only in America, but also in our neighboring country of Canada. Should marijuana be legalized? If it is legalized what would it mean to America’s war on drugs? What might the moralists’ argument against drugs become? Legalizing marijuana would make people change their perspective on the issue as well as the people who use it, due to it no longer being a crime. This issue is significant because it will affect our country as a whole. It will affect our taxes, laws, as well as the political parties and elections that will run our country. Legalization of marijuana also touches on the rights of citizens, as well on modern medicine. Marijuana is the drug that has a big question mark that goes along with it. What should our country do while faced with the issue of legalization of marijuana? Before making a decision on whether or not marijuana should be legalized, the history as well as the origin should be known. Marijuana is obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the ubiquitous hemp plant Cannabis Sativa. Marijuana can be grown just about anywhere. It is a easily harvested plant, which makes it a favorite of drug farmers. Marijuana comes in different strengths (â€Å"Marijuana† Encyclopedia International Vol. 11) from mild marijuana to potent Pg. 2 hashish. Even though some of these forms of marijuana are very potent, it has not been proven to be addictive. Marijuana was something foreign to Americans until the late 19th early 20th century when immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean introduced the drug. It was often used during days of long w...

What important contribution or contributions did this scholar make to Essay - 2

What important contribution or contributions did this scholar make to the field of biblical studies - Essay Example The ancient history of Christian biblical interpretation has been molded by great and famous philosophers and scholars who travels deep into the sea of Christian text and interpret it according to their believe and philosophy1. The contents of the New Testament have been contributed by scholars such as Baur, however, criticism of this same testament can also be found too by the same scholar. In F. C Baur mixture of history and theology, the historical exploration of Christian antiquity has helped in forging a path to comprehend the Christianity faith2. This helps crossing the hurdle the Enlightenment’s separation of the rational truth from (if and then) history. Baur contributed to the New Testaments by studying the theology and unfolding the Christianity beliefs and faith rather than just studying its origin. He further believed that truth can be beheld only in a particular history and that is id illustrated only in historical development. His objective was to speak of God in terms of self-divine revelation. Tubingen school attempted to merge the church’s teaching with philosophy and biblical texts. One of the most successful people to carry out this interpretation was Ferdinand Christian Baur, but opened up new areas in the New Testament for controversies. His one of the major and significant contribution was attracting attention to the dive and believes in God and religion within New Testaments and established principles of raw historical comprehension of the Bible. He rejected Supernaturalism and implemented Hegelian dialectic to the Testament. Through this he found out basic tension between the Pauline and Petrine theology, hence, the documents and words of the New Testaments tried to smoothen the fight between the Jewish and Gentile church. He believed that the authenticity of other books can be judged by

LAW 5 forming business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LAW 5 forming business - Essay Example India is one of the fastest emerging economies with huge potential for business. The company’s 2011 annual report shows that while the sales had declined in volumes in Europe, South America, Middle East and Canada, it had shown significant increase of 7% in Asia (Emerson AR, 2011). India therefore, is considered a critical geographical position to exploit emerging opportunities, especially in climate technologies and network power. There is considerable concern for climate change and deteriorating environment conditions. Emerson, being leading technology firm with global presence, is equipped with the knowledge, experience and capabilities to explore and exploit new opportunities. Most importantly, in the current times of recessive economic conditions, identifying and exploiting new elements of competitive advantage become highly desirable for the firms (Barney & Hesterly, 2005). Human threats to environment are also vital factors of development processes. The increasing urbanization, deforestation, growing population etc. are external factors that produce great burden on the existing resources like land mass, water, air etc. that adversely impact ecological conditions (Dyson, 2005). Indeed, various drivers of climate change affect sustenance and quality of life. Moreover, they are also major factors for environmental conditions like global warming and increased number of climate related natural calamities like tsunami, tornadoes etc. Carbon emission and green house effects have also emerged as important factors for environment. As Emerson climate technologies have developed into leading tools for businesses and residents for mitigating climate related problems, India presents vast scope for expansion. 1. With more than one billion population, India presents huge potential for introducing green technologies that would promote environment conservation. Emerson therefore must make efforts

Future Policing Essay Example for Free

Future Policing Essay The field of police work is constantly being forced to develop and improve its protocols, procedures, and practices in an effort to keep pace with the ever-changing society in which it operates and criminal behavior it seeks to eradicate. While the history of policing has been marked by substantial changes throughout time, the work of modern-day police officers and officials demonstrate some of the most substantial adaptations to its surrounding environment that the field has ever seen. In order to understand where the future of policing is heading, it is important to first understand these current trends that are affecting the current landscape of the profession. By doing so, some foreseeable critical issues that may affect policing in the future can be identified, and potential changes can then be proposed and implemented to effectively address these critical issues. Perhaps the most important current trends in policing are those that affect the operational aspects of its crime fighting function. The first and foremost trend amongst this group has been the development of intelligence-led policing, which at its most basic, deals with the â€Å"identification of specific criminal activities or specific criminal populations and targeted enforcement against the highest-risk crimes or criminals to achieve overall reduction in the impact of crime in a community† (Wallentine, 2009, para. ). Within this broadly encompassing trend have come a few important changes affecting police departments across the nation. One is that many police agencies have begun to incorporate professional intelligence analysts into their ranks, a brand new position for most departments and one whose importance will likely continue to grow in the years to come (Wallentine, 2009). Another is that police leadership and command staff has had to incorporate and learn new technologies, and djust to new methods of collecting and sharing information between one another and with the general public (Wallentine, 2009). The overall result of these efforts, particularly in big cities, is a trend away from forceful policing and towards enlightened policing (Herbert, 2007). With that being said, there has also been a trend of increased rates in the commission of violent crimes that has certainly affected policing regardless of what tactics are implored. This includes upticks in international terrorism-based crimes, as well as traditional domestic criminal behavior (Cetron Davies, 2008). Yet perhaps an even more troublesome aspect of this trend, especially when it comes to homicides, is that these increases have not been spread across the country through moderate rises in all cities, but rather through dramatic rises in homicides in some cities that simply outpace the substantial decreases other cities have experienced (Herbert, 2007). Most of the explanations offered for this imbalanced trend deal with financial cutbacks that have been made to federal crime fighting programs and others that have left many police departments shorthanded (Herbert, 2007). Thus, budgeting strains and constraints serve as a final trend currently affecting policing, as over half of all policing agencies suffered budget cuts in 2012 alone, which comes on top of nearly 80-percent having experienced the same in 2010 (Police Executive, 2013). Alongside the policing trend of improving intelligence and technology, there has naturally been an increase in smarts and technological acumen of criminals. When this is combined with the trends of an overall increase in crime and a decrease in police budgets, the result is that a number of foreseeable issues that could potentially affect policing in the future have risen to the forefront of concern. As each generation becomes more and more Internet and electronic-savvy, there is an increased likelihood that in the years to come America will be plagued with more white-collar crimes than ever before (Wallentine, 2009). This issue becomes even more critical as globalization continues to spread ideas and technologies worldwide on a faster pace than ever, and the gap between rich and poor in the global marketplace increases as well, because he foreseeable result is the strengthening of domestic gangs and international separatist and extremist movements, which of course will lead to even greater spikes in crime rates and terrorist attacks (Cetron Davies, 2008). Unfortunately, the financial trend that has been seen in policing will likely continue for the foreseeable future, which will not only limit the ability to confront these new critical issues, but will likely exacerbate them as well (Police Executive, 2013). It is also foreseeable that new state efforts to combat their overall economic struggles will serve as a critical issue with adverse policing affects as well. More and more states continue to modify their early release policies, putting criminals back onto the streets sooner and in greater numbers than ever before, which has caused police officials to almost unanimously report that they expect to see increases in their crime rates as a result (Police Executive, 2013). While these foreseeable critical issues certainly pose a set of substantial concerns for and potential threats to policing in the future, many can be dealt with and effectively addressed in the present-day through the implementation of a handful of changes. The first change that can start to take place in the policing world today is to establish partnerships between police forces operating in different parts of the nation and even those positioned in different societies throughout the globe (Cetron Davies, 2008). While there has been a trend towards more collaborative police efforts in recent years, these efforts may need to take on a more international scope in order to address the critical issues that are likely to arise in an increasingly globalized world. The effectiveness of this change would be to allow police departments, particularly those in large U. S. cities, to address newly developing problems in their communities by connecting with other police forces that have already had to deal with the same exact types of problems in their societies for a long period of time (Cetron Davies, 2008). For example, Israeli law enforcement officials have ample experience when it comes to dealing with the threat and realization of modern terrorist attacks, and their knowledge would serve as a great asset to big-city police forces in the U. S. if it were to be conveyed through joint-training or planning exercises (Cetron Davies, 2008). Preparation and planning are also the keys that are essential to the changes that may be needed to effectively address the critical economic issues facing policing in the future. Although funding for police departments has been trending downwards for most localities in recent years, there has also been a concerted effort by federal and state governments to make new funds available when it comes to responding to natural disasters and terrorist attacks (Cetron Davies, 2008). In light of this, police forces should develop contingency plans that will allow them to efficiently and effectively access funding and take advantage of external support structures that would be made available to them in the wake of these occurrences (Cetron Davies, 2008). Likewise, a dual-financial purpose would be served if changes to how retired officers are viewed were put in place. Using retired officers as auxiliaries in particular situations would benefit them by helping to counteract the negative pension trend they are faced with, and would also help their employing departments by offering them a means in which they can extend their resource supply without having to pay the full-time salary requirements of newly hired officers (Cetron Davies, 2008).

Attitudes of Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. :: History

Attitudes of Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. Attitudes about personal interest and career choices are influenced by a person‘s culture and age. â€Å"I want to be a pilot.† â€Å"I want to a lawyer.† Younger generations always decide their interest and what they want to do as their career based on their own benefit. Observing from the past in the U.S., very limited opportunity is offered to the Chinese immigrants. They might consider if they can do it, in stead of if they want to do it or not. Regardless of what education level they possessed most of the Chinese immigrant work as a waiter, waitress or some low paid jobs. However, the Chinese immigrants’ position in U.S. community is changing these years. Chinese immigrants are being appreciable in the U.S. community. As the changes, there were so many conflicts between younger and older generation who are Chinese immigrants after viewing on career choices and personal interest. I am interested in this topic and I have interviewed two people of differe nt generation who both earned a bachelor degree in the U.S. Except generation differences, they have got similar background. I am going to learn more about how different generations view personal interest and career choices. Vincent Kwan, an accountant in California, is a Chinese immigrant who moved to the U.S. with his family since 1971. Sandy Wong, currently a college student in Santa Monica College, immigrated to U.S. with her family since 1995. And her future goal is to be a politician in U.S. I have learned a lot about Chinese immigrants’ views career choices and personal interest. As the position of Chinese and the generation changed, they have different views with these two issues. They were all talkative and willing to share their personal feeling with me. First, Vincent and Sandy have similar views with personal interest. Nowadays, technology and equity is promoted in the world, especially in U.S. Him and Sandy agree that the status of Chinese become greater in America. Vincent grew up in a typical Chinese family, he wish to be a pilot when he was small. However he has banned this idea. The main reasons are because he didn’t have any chances to approach planes and his parents didn’t give him any support on this issue. â€Å"The most important factor of deciding career is the salary. It is because it will help you to achieve a satisfactory life.

India Superpower Essay

It has been more than 60 years since India got its independence and a lot has changed. Radios have been replaced by LCDs, tongas have been replaced by autos and busses and matkas have been replaced by refrigerators. Indian Companies have made it to the word stage. Companies like TATA own few of the most premium brands of the world such as Jaguar on one hand while the world’s cheapest car ‘Nano’ on the other. Indians hold very high posts all over the world be it Obama’s cabinet, United Nations or the World Bank. India has highest youth population. Our India also has one of the largest army in the world which is capable of facing any other superpower in the world. There is a growth in the infrastructure too. Metro has made short distance travelling comfortable and easier. But is it really a superpower? We have second largest population in the world, but there are very few companies having interaction presence. There is deep-rooted corruption. Most of the politicians are involved in scams like Common Wealth Games scam, 2G scam, Coal scam and even fodder scam. The people of India have got used to corruption. We also have highest youth population, but what is the use when there is no proper social infrastructure to provide them with the skills? There is no proper system to retain the cream brains in our country. The top brains are handpicked by western countries. Who is at a loss? Its India. We also have a huge army but due to lack of focus on research and development we are dependent on Israel, Russia and France for our weaponries. There is no proper policy framework to stop the growth of population. It is no brainer whether India is a superpower or not . If there is corruption in India, India cannot have a good future. Only a strong policy framework and long sited vision can make it possible and India will again be called the golden bird.

Examine Sociological Theories Essay

Examine sociological theories that explain the ethnic dimension to crime and deviance (21 marks) Recent statistics show that black people are five times more likely to be in prison than whites. Ethnic groups are heavily over represented in prisons. Waddington et al investigated whether ethnic groups were targeted by the police and whether they were treated unfairly. Waddington et al concluded that these ethnic minorities were stopped and searched more because they were out on the street at the time. His research could be criticised because he only interviewed the police, he didn’t interview the groups that were treated by the police. This would result in the police possibly lieing and saying that they treat the black people just as equally as they treat white people. Phillips and Bowling would disagree with Waddington et al as they believe that the over policing of ethnic neighbourhoods creates resentment. After the death of Stephen Lawrence the McPherson report stated that poor black areas were over policed but under protected. This would again back up Phillips and Bowling and their theory of over policing in poor black areas. This angers the people in these poor areas because of the fact that the police are only targeting them for certain crimes such as drugs. The report states that they will randomly pick on a working class black male rather than someone else for a stop and search as they believe these people are more likely to be holding drugs. This leaves the rest of the people under protected because the police aren’t concentrating on other crimes such as robbery or assault. Skolnick believes that most police stereotype the young black male as being a typical offender. He says that these stereotypical beliefs come from the ‘canteen culture’ and it is this belief that backs up Phillips and Bowling, as they would say that this belief would lead to the over policing in the poor black areas. Drabble investigated whether black people were treated unfairly in the courts. He found that blacks were more likely to be charged with more serious forms of offence than whites, whites were more likely to be cautioned whereas blacks were more likely to be prosecuted. This is evidence of institutional racism mentioned in the McPherson report. Hood found that black people were more like to receive custodial sentences even though other punishments such as fines and community service were available alternatives. Fitzgerald researched ethnic minority street crime in London. He interviewed young ethnic minority offenders and their mothers and found that the higher the levels of deprivation in an area, the higher the levels of crime. It is a statistic that Afro Caribbean households are more likely to be headed by lone parent families, which then results in higher crime in the family. This links in with Charles Murray who said that lone parent families would result in higher chances of failure at score and therefore higher chances of them turning to crime. It also links in with left realism and Jock Young and John Lea’s theory of relative deprivation. They say that people commit crime when they feel deprived, the media stresses the importance of economic goods and some will turn to crime to get these goods. They also say marginalisation is a reason for the increase in crime because of young black men are made to feel on the edge of society with nobody to stand up for them, this causes frustration and resentment which leads to crime being committed. These reasons then cause an increase in subcultures or gangs and therefore an increase in crime. All of these researchers could be criticised as they reinforce stereotypes of the young black male as well as not looking at white, middle class crime. This would then link in with Marxism and the fact that the upper class are being treated more fairly with crime they commit than the lower class.

Essay about Mexico and Osorio Chong

Essay about Mexico and Osorio Chong Essay about Mexico and Osorio Chong Manuel cyclones in the Pacific, and Ingrid, in the Atlantic, have stopped beating Mexico, but the balance after passing is shocking: at least 101 dead, 68 missing, 200,000 people who have lost their homes and about 60,000 evacuees after a week of storms. But in addition to these figures, the storm has left doubt whether much of the tragedy would not be attributable to poor forecasting. 's first statement that warned of the occurrence of cyclones was September 11, but not until four days after met the Directorate of Civil Protection. After the 1985 earthquake, Mexico to extremes citizenship education and spared no means to address new seismic materials, but have not developed similar policies to address these phenomena. And some voices, like the governor of Guerrero, Angel Aguirre, have condemned the "corruption" that has allowed to build houses in inappropriate places. The death toll has continued to grow in recent days. This Saturday, the Interior Ministry has confirmed the deaths of five crew of a Black Hawk helicopter rescue performed in the State of Guerrero, the most affected by Manuel. The aircraft disappeared on Thursday after taking off from the port of Acapulco to carry supplies to the community of La Pintada in Atoyac de Alvarez, near the Pacific coast. In that same village in the mountains, 68 people are still missing after an avalanche reports from the area Chouza Paula. President Enrique Pena Nieto said that practically "no hope" of finding alive any of the missing of La Pintada. â€Å"The amount of land that buried more than 40 houses in this small community house hardly leaves us hoping to find people alive," he announced. Approximately 60,000 people have been evacuated from their homes and 43,000 have been transferred to more than fifty hostels in different parts of Mexico. few 900 centers collect food and toiletries to help those affected, and there are several bank accounts enabled make donations. The cyclones have caused damage "incalculable" throughout the country, has recognized Osorio Chong on Radio Formula. The Government will have to pay about 40,000 million pesos (3,000 million dollars) just to fix the roads, according to the Secretary of Communications and Transport, Gerardo Ruiz Esparza. At least 72 roads were damaged in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Michoacn, Chiapas, Colima, Veracruz and Sinaloa. The governor of Guerrero has estimated the damage to his state $ 380 million. Tens of thousands of tourists were trapped up to five days in Acapulco after cutting the Autopista del Sol, which connects the tourist resort with Mexico City. On Friday night, about 50,000 people had managed to leave the city by road or air, according to

Exchange Systems, Trade Networks, and Archaeology

Exchange Systems, Trade Networks, and Archaeology An exchange system or trade network can be defined as any manner in which consumers connect with producers. Regional exchange studies in archaeology describe the networks that people used to gain, barter for, purchase, or otherwise obtain raw material, goods, services and ideas from the producers or sources, and to move those goods across the landscape. The purpose of exchange systems can be to fulfill both basic and luxury needs. Archaeologists identify networks of exchange by using a variety of analytical techniques on material culture, and by identifying raw material quarries and manufacturing techniques for specific types of artifacts. Exchange systems have been a focus of archaeological research since the mid-19th century  when chemical analyses were first used to identify the distribution of metal artifacts from central Europe. One pioneer study is that of archaeologist Anna Shepard who during the 1930s and 40s used the presence of mineral inclusions in pottery sherds to provide evidence for a widespread trade and exchange network throughout the southwestern United States. Economic Anthropology The underpinnings of the exchange systems research were strongly influenced by Karl Polyani in the 1940s and 50s. Polyani, an economic anthropologist, described three types of trading exchange: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange. Reciprocity and redistribution, said Polyani, are methods that are embedded in long-range relationships that imply trust and confidence: markets, on the other hand, are self-regulating and disembedded from trust relationships between producers and consumers. Reciprocity is a behavioral system of trade, which is based on the more or less equal sharing of goods and services. Reciprocity could be defined simply as you scratch my back, Ill scratch yours: you do something for me, Ill reciprocate by doing something for you. Ill watch your cows, youll provide my family with milk.Redistribution involves a collection point from which goods are apportioned out. In a typical redistribution system, a village chief collects a percentage of the produce in a village, and provides it to members of the group based on need, gifts, feasting: any one of a number of etiquette rules that have been established in a given society.Market exchange involves an organized institution, in which goods producers congregate at specified locations at specified times. Either barter or money exchange is involved ​in order to allow consumers to obtain required goods and services from purveyors. Polyani himself argued that markets may or may not be integrated within c ommunity networks. Identifying Exchange Networks Anthropologists can go into a community and determine the existing exchange networks by talking to the local residents and observing the processes: but archaeologists must work from what David Clarke once called indirect traces in bad samples. Pioneers in the archaeological study of exchange systems include Colin Renfrew, who argued that it was important to study trade because the institution of a trade network is a causal factor for cultural change. Archaeological evidence for the movement of goods across the landscape has been identified by a series of technological innovations, building from Anna Shepards research. In general, sourcing artifacts- identifying where a particular raw material came from- involves a series of laboratory tests on artifacts which are then compared to known similar materials. Chemical analysis techniques used to identify raw material sources include Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and various spectrographic methods, among a wide and growing number of laboratory techniques. In addition to identifying the source or quarry where raw materials were obtained, chemical analysis can also identify similarities in pottery types or other sorts of finished goods, thus determining whether the finished goods were created locally or brought in from a distant location. Using a variety of methods, archaeologists can identify whether a pot that looks as if it were made in a different town is truly an import, or rather a locally made copy. Markets and Distribution Systems Market locations, both prehistorically and historically, are often located in public plazas or town squares, open spaces shared by a community and common to nearly every society on the planet. Such markets often rotate: market day in a given community may be every Tuesday and in a neighboring community every Wednesday. Archaeological evidence of such use of communal plazas is difficult to ascertain  because typically plazas are cleaned and used for a wide variety of purposes. Itinerant traders such as the pochteca of Mesoamerica have been identified archaeologically through iconography on written documents and monuments such as stele  as well as by the types of artifacts left in burials (grave goods). Caravan routes have been identified in numerous places archaeologically, most famously as part of the Silk Road connecting Asia and Europe. Archaeological evidence seems to suggest that trade networks were much of the driving force behind the construction of roads, whether wheeled vehicles were available or not. Diffusion of Ideas Exchange systems are also the way ideas and innovations are communicated across the landscape. But thats a whole other article. Sources Colburn CS. 2008. Exotica and the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Early Minoan Elite: Eastern Imports in Prepalatial Crete. American Journal of Archaeology 112(2):203-224.Gemici K. 2008. Karl Polanyi and the antinomies of embeddedness. Socio-Economic Review 6(1):5-33.Renfrew C. 1977. Alternative models for exchange and spatial distribution. In. In: Earle TK, and Ericson JE, editors. Exchange Systems In Prehistory. New York: Academic Press. p 71-90.Shortland A, Rogers N, and Eremin K. 2007. Trace element discriminants between Egyptian and Mesopotamian Late Bronze Age glasses. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(5):781-789.

Greek art- archaic to Hellenistic period- art history Essay

Greek art- archaic to Hellenistic period- art history - Essay Example Under the Kore category, viewers will see first the â€Å"New York Kouros,† an example of Archaic style, which depicts Egyptian influence through its use of the Egyptian canon of human proportions like symmetrical patterning with the shoulders, hips, and knees on parallel lines. Influence also extends to the upright stature and frontal stance but the Archaic style was unclothed with a washboard stomach, clenched fists and the left leg striding forward. Careful attention was given to the texture of his hair with its seashell-like curls which almost look like wig. Next will be the Severe style, specifically the marble statue of a crouching Herakles as an archer which is a sculpture from the east pediment of the late archaic Temple of Aphaia in Aegina. It is far different from the Archaic style since Severe style do without the rigid upright poses of the previous style and lean towards a more relaxed asymmetrical stance with natural poses as depicted with Herakles crouching in a naturalistic manner of an archer ready for combat. The musculature is definitely rounder and the figure is now clothed and shows geometrical forms as shown in the linearity of the folds and patterns on his armor suit. The "Hermes bearing the infant Dionysus" by Praxiteles is last on the Kouros line and is an example of the Hellenistic style. It shows a distinct physical expression since his eyes looks past the child his holding as if in a dream-like state. It is similar with the â€Å"New York Kouros† with its nude, standing position and frontality but like the Herakles sculpture it has a natural musculature but much more refined but still depicts a perfect god-like body. Another similarity with the Herakles sculpture is that it is made of marble and depicts an asymmetrical balance achieved through Hermes’ posture with his left arm bearing the infant Dionysus

DX wk 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

DX wk 8 - Essay Example Also, the episode of bulimia does not have to be done in one place. As an example, the individual can start when they are at a restaurant and finish when they get home (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Bulimia also has two subtypes: Purging, in which the individual induces vomiting after eating or the non-purging type. In purging, the individual misuses laxatives, diuretics, or enemas in their most current episode. In the non-purging type, the individual misuses laxatives, diuretics or enemas but they do not purge afterward (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). In contrast, Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) has recurrent eating binges but they do not purge afterwards (Nevid, Rathus and Greene, 2005). BED is usually occurring in obese individuals and is often associated with long-term attempts to lose weight; they also experience depression. In BN, the individual is usually thin and vomiting to stop from getting fat. I believe that EDNOS is more often diagnosed because there can be gray areas when dealing with eating disorders and because there needs to be a history of certain types of behavior. Generally, the counselor must do an interview with the individual and they must be able to give the counselor this history. Also, when there are specific factors that look like BN or Anorexia, but all the criteria is not met, ENOS can be the better diagnosis. As an example, an individual may have all the characteristics of AN but they still have a normal weight (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This also may be a "safer" diagnosis critically when the clinician does not have enough medical history. Mr. A has come to counseling because he enjoys dressing as a woman. He has his own wardrobe and makeup and he belongs to a networking group in his area. Also, Mr. A may be experiencing depression so the clinician should talk to him more about this depression to determine whether it is clinical or

There should not be state sales taxes assessed on Internet purchases Essay

There should not be state sales taxes assessed on Internet purchases - Essay Example However, this aspect of sales tax free goods is not available in many states or countries. It has been observed that in many states of the United States of America (US), the consumers making online purchases are required to pay the requisite sales tax amount in their respective state tax agency. This prospect of providing tax free goods or products has hampered the revenue of the government as well as the brick-and-mortar retail outlets which are providing identical goods and services by minimizing their sales volume and customer base (FindLaw, â€Å"Do You Have to Pay Sales Tax on Internet Purchases?†). It has been observed that in the US, law has been formulated as well as implemented with the intention of collecting sales taxes for the shopping which are made online. In this respect, the Marketplace Fairness Act has been formulated with the intention of collecting sales tax in relation to online transactions which are performed within states. Moreover, this Act allows an ex emption for online retailing businesses with less than US$1 million domestic sales annually (Yadron, â€Å"Lawmakers Reintroduce Online Sales Tax Legislation†). Thesis Statement The paper intends to describe the issue i.e. whether or not sales taxes should be assessed on the purchase of goods through internet. The discussion will identify the major aspects with regard to the issue. Moreover, certain supporting opinions will be provided regarding the issue with facts as well as logic. Objective Description of the Issue The sales taxes on the purchases which are made through online sources are dependent on the location of the consumer. The Supreme Court in the year 1992 made rules that online retailers who have a physical presence in the states are charged with sales taxes on most of the purchase transactions made. In this aspect, online retailers are obliged to charge sales tax for the goods which are sold to home state consumers. In case, when goods are sold to consumers in o ther states then such consumers can acquire these goods without any sales taxes (FindLaw, â€Å"Do You Have to Pay Sales Tax on Internet Purchases?†). It has been observed that there are many large websites which are performing business transactions free of sales taxes by inaugurating subsidiaries with the intention of performing only the online businesses. It is also recognized that they perform online business transactions without physical presence. The above mentioned practice of online businesses is required to be mitigated with the objective of assisting the online businesses with physical presence that are losing sales volume due to online shops which are providing goods at free sales taxes (FindLaw, â€Å"Do You Have to Pay Sales Tax on Internet Purchases?†). The consumers purchasing tax free goods from online sources are required to pay sales tax to the agency in a direct manner where sales taxes are charged in their states. In case, where the consumers pay sal es tax directly to the sales tax agency are termed as ‘use’ tax. The only difference between sales tax and use tax is regarding the paid tax amount. In terms of sales tax, the tax amount is directly paid by online retailers to the sales tax agency. While, in case of use tax, the tax amount is paid by consumers themselves. Moreover, collecting use tax for small purchases tends to

The employment relationship Essay Example for Free

The employment relationship Essay This essay explores and discusses the employment relationship while considering the value of a systems approach to industrial relations and the fact that individuals view issues from a particular frame of reference. The employment relationship is developed on an inter-related basis involving economic, social and legal dimensions of wider society (Fells, 1989). Organisations are subject to the economic conditions in which they operate. Employers rely on the availability of suitable labour to perform the work of the organisation and although viewed as a commodity by the employer, significant investment in the development of the employee can be lost or unused should the employee decide to leave or remain unmotivated. The unavailability of suitable labour can lead to segmentation of the labour market and a division of labour at the workplace. The division of labour is the breaking down of work into its smallest components in order to achieve effective specialisation, minimal worker discretion and the most efficient output (Sutcliffe and Callus, 1994). This division of labour can have far reaching implications for the management and the organisation, including the control and motivation of the workforce. The legal dimension is concerned with the law of contract between an employer and employee which enables the parties to enter into and enforce agreements (Fells, 1989). By its very nature the employment contract implies a subordination relationship where the employer commands and the employee obeys. The introduction of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 also implies legal boundaries in which the employment relationship must operate (for example the rules relating to unfair dismissal and enterprise bargaining). The social dimension, unlike the economic and legal dimension, is one that chiefly impacts on employees. There are two aspects to this dimension according to Fells (1989), the first being the impact of society on the workplace and secondly employees experiencing management pressures at the workplace as well as pressures from other individual employees who work within a team environment. It is clear that most of us want more out of a working relationship than just a monetary return for our labour. An employer must also provide a job that can stimulate and challenge the worker. Many jobs however are mundane and boring which is a consequence of the increasing division of labour in our industrial society. Industrial relations in a broad sense, is about the behaviour and interaction of people at work. It is concerned with how individuals, groups, organisations and institutions make decisions that shape the employment relationship between management and labour (Deery and Plowman, 1991). It is also closely entwined with political, economic and social forces (Salamon, 1992). As a consequence, people differ in their approaches and views on industrial relations which as a result can lead to industrial conflict. Fox in 1966 attempted to explain the reasons for the differing views of industrial conflict by management and the public, by proposing a frames of reference concept in his paper to the UK Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employer Associations (Berrell, 1999). Fox believed that some people view industrial relations as a class conflict, others in terms of mutual co-operation and others still in terms of competing interests of various groups. Three approaches were identified: unitary, pluralist and marxist. The unitarian approach believes that industrial relations is based on mutual co-operation, individual treatment, team work and the sharing of common objectives (Stone, 1996). Conflict in the workplace is seen as an anomaly which has occurred because of either union activity, poor management decisions or practice or employees who dont fit the organisations culture. Conflict resulting in strikes for example, is not only considered as unnecessary but destructive. As result, unions are regarded as competitors for employees loyalty and commitment. In essence the unitarian approach is seen as a management ideology which legitimises their authority and control. It blames conflict on employees and threatens unions existence. It is manipulative and exploitative (Horwitz, 1990). In contrast, the pluralist approach accepts the inevitability of conflict (Deery and Plowman, 1991). It sees organisations as coalitions of competing interests where managements role is to mediate amongst the different interests groups. It sees unions as a legitimate representative of employee interests. Management authority under this approach is not automatically accepted. Employees join unions to promote their interests and influence management decision making. As unions are considered to be important in their role of balancing the power between employers and employees, they are considered not only desirable, but necessary. Societies interests at large are protected by state intervention through legislation and industrial tribunals which provide orderly processes for the regulation and resolution of conflict. The marxist approach like pluralists regard conflict between management and employees as inevitable. However, where pluralists see conflict as inherent within all organisations, marxists see it as a product of capitalist society. Adversarial relations in the workplace are seen as simply one aspect of class conflict. Unions under this approach, are seen as instruments for challenging the capitalist system of class domination. By assimilating a persons behaviour to one of the three frames of references, it determines how we would react and shapes the method for altering such behaviour. As a tool for understanding a parties behaviour when conflict occurs we need to undertake a social action perspective, that is to suspend our own judgment when analysing the cause of conflict and accept the persons frame of reference. Individually, our frames of references are molded and influenced by a multiplicity of variables including, values and behaviour, education, political views, work experiences and religious beliefs to name a few. Our position in the class structure and status hierarchy almost certainly has a significant influence as well (Keenoy and Kelly, 1995). It is important to understand these concepts as employers and employees bring to the employment relationship different strategies to gain as much as they can from the relationship. This in turn makes the relationship inherently competitive. Fells (1989) observes that this points to the duality of the employment relationship. Both the employer and employee put their resources, motives, expectations and own interests into the relationshipthese being influenced by the social and economic structure of society (Fells 1989, P 476). In essence therefore, conflict can arise because of the parties differing social and economic interests and strategies. Keenoy and Kelly (1996) take this further by describing the three great struggles which results from the distribution of authority (inherent in an organisational hierarchy) and the division of labour which are sources of potential conflict and competition within the employment relationship. These are identified as the struggle over interests, control and motivation. Abraham Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory argued that individuals sought to satisfy basic needs required to live; that is food, warmth and shelter (Bartol et al 1995). An employee therefore, seeks is in his/her strategy to satisfy their basic needs for survival. Once satisfied, the employee seeks to improve their social standing by earning more money and purchasing material symbols to demonstrate their success. In contrast however, is the organisations strategy to run an efficient and cost effective business. The nature of the employment relationship is such that the employees interest in maximising income is in direct conflict with the employers interest in minimising costs (Keenoy and Kelly 1996). However, both parties in the relationship are equally dependent upon each other for without labour there is no profit and without capital this is no jobs. This is simply termed structured antagonism as the relationship produces both mutual and conflicting interests. Fells (1989) argues that a frontier of control exists between an employer and employee which is born out of the legal, social and economic pressures effecting the distribution of power within the employment relationship. It represents the point of confrontation and interaction between the structure of management control and the challenge from organised labour (Storey, 1980 p 12). The struggle for control arises out of the vagueness of the employment contract, as it rarely specifies the parameters and preciseness of the work to be performed by the employee in exchange for payment (for example, level of effort and range of duties). Both parties tend therefore to have their own expectations as to what has been initially agreed upon and as such, this vagueness can often lead to conflict. In response, the employers strategy is to set up an array of control mechanisms, one being the hierarchy of authority where people are employed to supervise the work of others. This act in itself can lead to tensions within the employment relationship as industrial conflict often occurs when employees challenge the limits of managerial authority. Variations in the degree of control is also apparent within many jobs. For example production line workers experience tight control mechanisms whereas politicians, doctors and lawyers experience little or no control over their particular functions. This last group especially enjoy an elevated position in the hierarchy of authority and a high level of control and autonomy over their work (Kennoy and Kelly, 1996). As a result, conflict may occur over the inability of an organisation to provide a suitable career path which allows an employee access to a higher level of authority within the hierarchy. Securing employee commitment can be a difficult task for an employer as not all employees are motivated to work by monetary rewards alone. Although theorists have argued that motivation is the key to employee behaviour and productivity, work undertaken by the likes of Frederick Herzberg and his two-factor theory have largely been ignored due to the advantages of increasing the division of labour over the benefits of increasing employee satisfaction (Keenoy and Kelly, 1996). Management are faced therefore with a dilemma over ensuring employees remain sufficiently motivated to ensure job effectiveness whilst maintaining the cost effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation. Increasing market competition and a greater emphasis on quality and service provided to customers, may force employers to redefine their strategies towards motivation of their employees. Up to this point the employment relationship has been discussed in terms of its dual nature. However, it is clear that a more holistic approach is required. A systems approach provides a useful look at the employment relationship because it expands on the dual focus to include a third group of actors and the environment within which the relationship operates. John Dunlop proposed an industrial relations system comprised of actors operating within an environment influenced by technology, economics and power distribution. The system is bound together by both ideology and rules to govern behaviour. Three main groups of actors have been defined as managers, workers and their representatives and other bodies concerned with the relationship between workers and employers. The major output of the system is a set of rules and regulations that apply both in the individual workplace and in the wider work community. (Deery and Plowman, 1991). Dunlops industrial relations system has been criticised from a number of quarters (Margerison, 1969; Bain and Clegg, 1974; Hyman) for paying insufficient attention to conflict focusing more on conflict resolution than the root of the conflict, and for suggesting that the industrial relations system is naturally stable. Despite these negative views the system perspective of industrial relations remains valid if only as an analytical tool (Deery and Plowman, 1991). The employment relationship is a unique but fundamental feature of modern society. It commences when an employer engages an employee to perform work in exchange for money. Although this concept of the relationship appears simplistic in nature, it is subject to many stresses and strains brought about by political, social and economic interference. Bibliography Bain, G.S Clegg, H.A, 1974, A Strategy for Industrial Relations Research in Great Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol 12, no. 1, p92. Bartol, K.M., Martin, D.C., Tein, M Matthews, G. 1995, Management a Pacific Rim Focus, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Berrell, M. 1999, Subject Book: Industrial Relations, Monash Distrance Education Centre, Monash University, Churchill, Vic. Deery, S.J. Plowman, D.H. 1991, Australian Industrial Relations, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, Sydney Fells, R.E., 1989, The Employment Relationship Control and Strategic Choice in the Study of Industrial Relations in Labour and Industry, Vol 2(3), October pp470-492 Fox, A. 1980, Industrial Relations: A Social Critique of Pluralist Ideology in Barrett, B., Rhodes, E and Beishon, J. (eds), Industrial Relations in the Wider Society; Aspects of Interaction, Collier MacMillan, London. Horwitz, F.M., 1990, HRM: an ideological perspective, Personnel Review, Vol 19, No.2 pp 10-15. Hyman, R., 1975, Industrial Relations: A Marxist Introduction. MacMillan, London. Keenoy, T. Kelley, D. 1998, The Employment Relationship in Australia, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Brace and Co, Sydney. Margerison, C.J., 1969, What do we mean by Industrial Relations? A Behavioural Science Approach. British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol 7, no.2, , p273 Salamon, M. 1992, Industrial relations Theory and Practice, 2nd Ed, Prentice-Hall, London. Stone, R. 1995. Human Resource Management, 2nd Ed, John Wiley and sons, Brisbane. Storey, J. 1980, The Challenge to Management Control, Kogan Page, London. Suttcliffe, P. Callus, R. 1994, Glossary of Industrial Relations Terms, ACIRRT and ACSM, Sydney, Brisbane. Industrial Relations Assn 1 pg 11

The Korean War: A Turning Point in Canadian History Essay -- Canada Wo

The land of the morning calm, this was what Korea was called many years ago. Unfortunately, circumstances have changed. Korea is now no longer a single country but has been split into two parts; North Korea and South Korea. Korea had been united as one country for many years. Japan took control of Korea and made it part of its empire. After World War II, Japan was defeated and its empire fell. Korea was left without a leader or a system of government. This provoked the United States troops to occupy the southern half and Soviet troops to occupy the northern half. The United States and its allies favored democratic government, while the Soviet Union and China favored a communist system of government. June 25, 1950 marked the day in which fighting between the North Koreans and South Koreans started. 135,000 North Korean troops crossed the border into South Korea while others attacked by sea. In several hours North Korea had successfully detained the South Korean city of Kaesong and in the next couple hours South Korea’s capital, Seoul, was under attack. Things were not looking good for Korea. The war in Korea is often referred to as the â€Å"Forgotten War† because it is not mentioned often and is often argued that it was meaningless and unnecessary. The Korean War was significant to shaping Canada’s military and foreign politics though. It has shaped us into a peaceful nation with concerns for the well being of people in foreign countries. The way we engage in future conflicts was changed as well. Canada would no longer get involved as a British colony or single country, but rather under the United Nations. We exhibited ourselves as leaders and role models. In the Korean War Canada asserts itself as a world power but under th... ...ociation of Canada Inc. http:// www.kvacanada.com/canadians_in_the_korean_war.htm (15 Nov. 2010) â€Å"Canadians in Korea, 1950 – 1953.† Veterans Affairs Canada. 20 October 2008. Canada. http://www.korean-war.com/canada.html (21 Nov. 2010) â€Å"Chronology of the Canadian Advance in Korea.† Veterans Affairs Canada. 15 June 2008. Canada. http://www.vacacc.gc.ca/REMEMBERS/ sub.cfm?source=history/KoreaWar/chronology (23 Nov. 2010) â€Å"Facts on Canada’s Involvement in the Korean War.† Veterans Affairs Canada. 21 October 1999. Canada. http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/ youth/sub.cfm?source=teach_resources/korfact (20 Nov. 2010) â€Å"The Response – The Canadian Contribution.† Native Soldiers – Foreign Battlefields. 30 June 2005. Veterans Affairs Canada. http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/ remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/other/native/korea_response (20 Nov. 2010)

African Poetry Essay

RICAN poetryTruthful and fruitful human experience forms the basis for written expression in any branch of literature. Conveyed through a language of international exchange, it can reach a wider audience for whom it becomes a useful reference in times of need. The English language attained international prominence due to several reasons; one of the most important being colonization. As in other countries of the Commonwealth, English was imposed on Anglophone Africa as a means of easy communication and administrative convenience. It is a historical irony that the same language serves the African writer in voicing his thoughts and feelings to the world at large. While discussing the future of English, Simeon Porter observes, It will adopt to meet new needs and in that incessant reshaping and adaptation, every speaker and writer consciously or unconsciously will play some part. (181) Today, the prediction of Porter came true of African writing in English. It brought strength and appeal to the English language by adding a large range of new vocabulary and usage. Writing on the problems faced by the African English writers, Chinua Achebe the famous Nigerian writer says, The African writer should aim to use English that brings out his message without altering the language to the extent that its value as a medium of international exchange will be lost. He should aim at fashioning out an English, which is at once unusual and able to carry his peculiar experience. (61) It is applaudable that the writers of Africa succeeded in accomplishing the above task set by Achebe, which is by any means not an easy one. Their successful integration of native experience and expression in an alien tongue received worldwide acclaim. Their success proved, as critics like Srinivasa Iyengar pointed out, A shot in the arm of modern English Literature has had to come from West Africans like Amos Tutuola, Wole Soyinka and Gabriel Okara. (16) The role of poetry, in African literature, has been highly effective in providing the people with the needful inspiration and the necessary insight. The language of poetry, for the African people, is a source of learning and becoming aware of their destiny that necessitates the knowledge of their past, present and the possible future. These and several other ideas fuelled African poetry in English. For the African poets, poetry became a powerful medium through which they conveyed to the world audience, not only their â€Å"despairs and hopes, the enthusiasm and empathy, the thrill of joy and the stab of pain†¦ † but also  a nation’s history as it moved from † freedom to slavery, from slavery to revolution, from revolution to independence and from independence to tasks of reconstruction which further involve situations of failure and disillusion†. (Iyengar, 15) When we read African Literature, we should, by obligation remember that, colonization was at its harshest in Africa. As history stands proof, it was highly exploited and savaged by the ambitious ‘white man’. This experience is on the minds of all thinking poets. Despite getting ‘uhuru’ or independence, the bitterness returns again and again. The unforgettable colonial past comes angrily alive in a poem by Kenya’s poet Joseph Kareyaku thus, It is not as you suppose, your lands, your cars, your money, or your cities I covet†¦ It is what gores me most, that in my own house and in my very own home you should eye me and all that’s mine with that practiced, long-drawn, insulting sneer. (quoted in Iyengar, 30) In a poem entitled â€Å"If you want to know me† Noemia De Sousa writes ruefully of Africa, by effectively using the literary device of personification thus: This is what I am  empty sockets despairing of possessing of life a mouth torn open in an anguished wound†¦ a body tattooed with wounds seen and unseen from the harsh whipstrokes of slavery tortured and magnificent proud and mysterious Africa from head to foot This is what I am. (Narasimhaiah, 137) The much-brutalized Dark Continent is tellingly depicted in the following lines of a poem named â€Å"The Shapes of Fear† by Richard Ntiru. Like an arrested breath when breathing makes silence imperfect and the ear cannot differentiate between the conspiratorial whispers and the winds singing. †¦ a twig in the courtyard snaps and report of a gun is understood. (Narasimhaiah, 137) Nigerian poet , the Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka’s masterful irony skillfully conceals anger at the racist attitude in his famous poem, â€Å"Telephone Converstion. † After negotiating for a house on rent on telephone, he tells the landlady of his being a black African. He was rudely shocked when he was ‘caught†¦ foully’ by the lady’s query regarding his darkness thus: † HOW DARK†¦? † I had not misheard†¦ â€Å"Are you light OR VERY DARK†¦ † (Narasimhaiah, 149). The â€Å"ill- mannered silence† between the two is filled with images such as ‘stench of rancid breath of public- hide-and-speak, Red booth, Red- Pillar-box, Red double-tiered Omnibus squelching tar’ that subsume the age-old and still hopeless and violent colour- conflict. The theme of English superiority glares through David Rubadiri’s poem â€Å"A Negro Labourer in Liverpool†: Here his hope is the shovel And his fulfillment resignation. (Narasimhaiah, 134) One of the most important phases in African poetry is Negritude, a powerful literary movement founded by Aime Cesaire of Senegal. Among other things, the Negritude poets favoured the theme of glorification of Africa. They worshipped anything African in scintillating rhymes. Anger at injustice meted out to the colonized Africa is also one of the oft-repeated themes of their poetry. Here’s an example from David Diop’s poem â€Å"Africa. † Africa, my Africa Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs†¦. Is this you, this back that is bent This back that breaks under the weight of humiliation This back trembling with red scars And saying yes to the whip under the midday sun†¦.. That is Africa your Africa. That grows again patiently obstinately And its fruit gradually acquires The bitter taste of liberty. (Narasimhaiah, 153) Dennis Brutus, a South African poet, was subjected to torture by a cruel regime. His writing is full of images of love contrasted with images of death thus, Desolate Your face gleams up Beneath me in the dusk Abandoned A wounded dove Helpless Beneath the knife of love. (Quoted in Theroux, 2) Great feeling for Africa is felt in Abioseh Nicol’s poem â€Å"The Meaning of Africa† thus: Africa, you were once just a name to me †¦ So I came back  sailing down the Guinea coast †¦. You are not a country Africa, You are a concept †¦ I know now that is what you are Africa Happiness, contentment and fulfillment. (Quoted in Povey, 39) A poet’s affirmation of his love for Africa shines radiantly through the following verses. Dark Africa! My dawn is here; Behold! I see A rich warm glow in the East, And my day will soon be here. (Iyengar, 30) Deification of Africa is a fit topic for many African poets. Perhaps this is their reaction to the self glorification and the civilizing zeal of the imperial powers of Europe. Bernard Dadie’s poem attains special significance viewed in that light. He says in a poem entitled â€Å"I Thank God†, I thank you God for creating me black. White is the colour for special occasions Black the colour for every day And I have carried the World since the dawn of time And my laugh over the World, through the night creates The Day. (Narasimhaiah, 122) In Africa, the advent of the white man’s civilizing mission displaced scores of native societies from their own cultural roots. The impact of the spread of Christianity combined with material benefits such as classroom education and well-paid jobs forced many Africans abandon their own faith and adapt the religion of the pale-faced aliens. This situation is responsible for the natives to suffer from culture shock. Nevertheless, the native is expected to owe allegiance to his own tribal culture and embrace Christianity for material benefits. This cultural confusion is well articulated by Mabel Segun in a poem thus: Here we stand Infants overblown Poised between two civilizations Finding the balance irksome. (Quoted in Povey, 39) Gabriel Okara expresses the same sentiments in a lyric thus: When at break of day at a riverside I hear jungle drums†¦ Then I hear a wailing piano Solo speaking of complex ways. (Quoted in Gleason, 143) However, there are poets like Kofi Awoonor Williams of Ghana whose passion for past is expressed in his rediscovery themes with the help of extended rhythms as in the following lines. â€Å"Sew the old days for us our fathers that we wear them under our old garments after we have washed ourselves†¦.. â€Å" ( The Anvil and the Hammer)  again, † Sew the old days for me my father Sew them so that I may wear them For the feast that is coming. † (Quoted in Theroux, 4) He accomplishes the same excellence of evolving extended rhythms in poems like â€Å"The Long Journey† and â€Å"My Song. † Poetic excellence and rare innovative creative ability are seen in Christopher Okigbo poems such as â€Å"The Stars Have Departed. † He says, The stars have departed The sky in a monocle Surveys the world under The stars have departed And I- Where am I? ? Stretch, stretch O antennae, To clutch at this hour, Fulfilling each movement in a  Broken monody. (quoted in Walsh, 48) Images that can evoke a situation beyond hope which are reminiscent of Eliot’s war poetry are visible in the following verses from K. Brew’s poem â€Å"The Search. † The past is but the cinders Of the present The future The smoke That escaped Into the cloud- bound sky. (quoted in Walsh, 50) Some of the poets have realized the futility of fighting over issues such as race, respect and national identity. What more can be more illuminating than the enlightened poet’s words such as, You must leave the sifting sands of self- seeking and deceit  and erect far mightier mansions on the rock of healthy soil. (Iyengar, 36) Lenrie Peter’s poems are short on the print but deep on one’s mind like the one cited below Open the gates To East and West Bring in all That’s good and best. The memorable lines of Peter’s poem â€Å"On a wet September Morning† with their sheer beauty of imagery and the underlying thought of universal brotherhood celebrate the oneness of the human family. To cite a few verses, The echo burst in me Like a great harmonic chord- Violins of love and happy voices The pagan trumpet blast  Swamping the lamentation of the horn Then the heraldic drums In slow crescendo rising Crashed though my senses Into a new present Which is the future. After this brief glance at African poetry, we realize that it is not simply an offshoot of British literary tradition. espite the many disadvantages such as a scarred past, colonial trauma, expression in a foreign medium, inability to travel abroad, unstable economic and political state of affairs in their respective nations, lack of educational opportunities, the African poet has effortless creative capacity. It is an enriching combination of rich oral literature, native experience and imported tradition of writing in English that made African poetry a tremendous success both at home and abroad. The ‘Black Orpheus’ (African Poets) is no longer an unknown or an unwanted quantity but a fascinating and often enviable and beneficent literary marvel from what was ignorantly termed as the ‘dark continent’.